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(No Model.) 2 Sheets-Sheet 1. C. M. LUNGREN. REFRAG'I'ORY PILAMENT FOR LIGHTING. No. 365,832. Patented July 5,1887.

ATTORNEYS m HHM (No Model.)

C. LUNGRENI Y 2 Shet-s-Sheet 2.

REPRAGTORY FILAMENT FOR LIGHTING. N0. 365,832. l Patented July 5', 1887.

UNITED STATES PATENT CHARLES M. LUNGREN, OF NEYV YORK, N. Y.

' REFRACTORY FI'LAlVlENT FOR LIGHTING.

SPECIFICATION forming peut of Letters Patent No. 365,832, dated July 5, 1887.

Appiieation filed August i2, 1885. Serin] No. 174,233.11. (No model.)

To all whom, it may concern:

Beitknown that I, CHARLES M. LUNGREN, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of New York,in the county of New York an d State of New York, have invented a certain new and useful Refractory Filament for Lighting, of which the following is a specification.

This invention has reference toa filament or thread of the refractory earths-such as lime, iiiagnesia, zirconia, &c.-for use in pro'- ducing light by means of its incandeseence,by exposure to the. heat of a non-luminous gasflame, or the gas-flame may be that of a nonluminous gas-such as hydrogen,ora mixture ofhydrogen and carbonic oXide-or ordinary illumiiiatinggas with a proper admixture of air, or any of the volatile combustibles with which a non-luminous iiame may be made. lhefiame may burn in the air under ordinary pressure, or it may be supplied with air under pressure, and thu-s constitute a blow pipe flame. In any case it is 'preferable to heat the air and the gas to increase the temperature of the flame, and consequently the briliiancy of the light.

In the drawings I have shown various forms in which the filaments may be used and some of the ways in which they may be combined with heating-burners for the purpose of producing light.

In Figure 1 I have shown two filaments, L and L', placed within the flame, F, of an ordinary bataving burner, I). rlhe ends of the filaments are attached to platinum wires, which are supported in the socket S.

In Fig. 2 the iilamentary body is shown in the form of a fine spiral bent into ring shape. rllhe burners shown in these two figures are designed to be used with fuel or iioii-luminoiis gas.

In Fig. 3 is shown aform of bnrnerinwhich` a mixture of ordinary illuminatinggas and air is burned. It is provided with a wing-top,

i b, to give a flat flame, and. the incandescent j refractory body is shown in the forni of a fine spiral, as in Fig. 2.

In Fig. 4 there is shown the combination of a spiral with an atmospheric burner produc-l ing a cylindrical flame. B is the burner-tube, from the mouth of which the mixed gas and air burn. F is the flame, and I an incandesoing-spiral. The flame is shielded from drafts by a4 chimney, G, which rests in the holder G', formed by the upper end of the air-casing surrounding the lower portion of B.. The spiral isshown as supported at its lower end in the holder S. It may, however,

`be hung from the top of the chimney `Gr or be attached to it by suitable supports, as de scribed in the United States Patent to me, No. 336,576, granted February 23, 1886.

In Fig. 5 theincandescing body is shown in the form of a cylindrical net-work, and in Figs. 6 and 7 in the form of a fiatteiied network to adaptit to a fiat form of fiame.

It is not necessary that the filaments be bent into a curved form, as they may be straight and a number of thcmgrouped together to forni a sufficient incandescing surface. Several forms of such construction are shown in Fig. 8.

In 8 is shown a number of filaments arranged to forni a cylindrical structure, within which the fiame of the Bunsen burner I3 burns.v They are curved in at their upper ends to` a common point, as shown.

Various other forms of burners and dis position of the filaments may be used; but the above are sufficient to show the variety of ways in which the filaments may be employed for the purpose of carrying out my invention.

It is not my purpose to claim in this application any .arrangement of filanieiitary bodies with heating appliances for the purpose of producing ligl1t,`as these will form the subjectmatter of other applications.

I confine myself in my present application to such filament' pci' se and the method of manufacturing the same, in pursuance of the reservation contained in a prior application filed June 6, 1881, in which such invention was described but not claimed. In making suoli filament I preparea plastic mass of any of the above materials or mixtures of them by kneading them with water, or, preferably, a solution of a mucilaginous binding material, such as glue or gum, or other combustible material, which will be consumed in the further treatment of the filament. Vhen the mass is of the proper consistence, it is put in a press -and the filament obtained by expressing the material through a die.

Immediately` after their formation, while IOO they are still moist, the filaments shouldy be bent into the required shape. The method :for doing this will vary with the shape. vA simple bow or loop may be formed by bending or ceiling the material in a mold of absorbent .1naterial, such as plaster-of-paris dusted over with plumbago. After removal from the mold the filaments may be thoroughly dried by being placed between layers of absorbent material, such as blotting-paper.

In making a spiral the iilamenls are coiled around a mandrel ,which is preferably of wood rubbed with plumbago to prevent adherence ofthe coil, and allowed to dry upon it. This they will dowithout warping or cracking, if the plastic material is of the proper consistency.

In forming a curved spiral, such as that shown in Fig. 2, the filament 'may be coiled uponA a curved mandrel or coiled upon a straight llexible mandrel, which is then bent to the desired shape while the filament is still moist.

' all-y and linally carrying it tothe highest attainable temperature. A spiral or other ey. lindrieal form is best burned in a mold heated to a high temperature in a blast-furnace. spiral is placed upon a rod of highly-refract` orymaterial-'such as lime or magnesia-sup ported horizontally in a tubular mold. The central pencil and its encircling coil are raised to a high temperatureby radiation from the wall of theinclosing mold. The carbon of the material is in this operation yburned out and the filament hardened.

The supporting-pencil should be of such a size as to allow of a shrinkage of the spiral, and it is best to subject the spiral to .several burnings supported 011 successively smaller pencils. After removal from the mold, if not sufficiently hard, the spiral may be further The,

burned in the dame, but stilll being supported on a center. A'bow or loop may also be burned in a mold by being formed as a part of a closeeoil spiral. This spiral is then burned as above described and afterward cut up into sections to form bows.

Filaments prepared in this manner are hard and dense, have a polished surface, and when finel are slightly translucent, the vitrifieation extending throughout them. They may be produced of almost any desired fneness, and .when sufiiciently heated emit a` clear vwhite light. v

I do not specifically claim'in this application the various Ways of combining the lilamentary body of refractory earth,herein shown and described, with heating applianeesfor the purpose of raising said body toincand'escence, as

my inventions in that respect are made the subject of other applications, and particularly of a pending application filed by me December 26, 1885, Serial No. 186,699.,

I do not herein claim the method of forming `lilamentary bodies of refractory earth, Whicheonsisls in irst forming a `iilamentary body composed of a combustible binding material and a refractory material, and then burning out the binding material, as that part' of my invention forms the subjeetof a divisional application filed .Tune 8, 1887, Serial No.

Vhat I claim as my invention is,-

l. An ineandeseing organ for gas or other burners, consisting of a tilamentary body of refractory earth, such as lime, magnesia, zirconia, and the like.

2. An ineandeseing organ for gas or other burners, consisting of a ilamcntary body of refractory earth-such as lime, magnesia, zirconia, and the like-made by expressing the material from a plastic mass in the form of I fine threads and then forming these into a iilamentary structure of the desired shape or form.

Signed lat Philadelphia, in the county of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, this 7th day of August, A. D. 1885.

- CHARLES M. LUNGREN. Vitnesses:

ALBERT W. Cox, CHARLEs CARVER. 

